BENGAL i. Persian Muslim elements in the history of Bengal. (For Persian elements in Bengali language and literature, see Supplement.)…

BĪDAR, a city in the state of Karnataka, India (17° 55’ N, 77° 32’ E, elev. 2,330 m), about 80…

FATĀWĪ-E ʿĀLAMGĪRĪ, abridged Persian translation by Qāżī Najm-al-Dīn Khan Kākorī (d. 1229/1814) of a six-volume Arabic work on Hanafite law…

MARATHI LANGUAGE, PERSIAN ELEMENTS IN. Marathi (Marāti, earlier form: Marhāti), the southernmost Indo-Aryan language, is spoken by more than 40…

HĀNSAVI, Shaikh JAMĀL-AL-DIN AḤMAD (b. 580/1184-5, d. in Hānsi, 659/1260-61), mystic, poet, and author. He was a senior deputy (ḵalifa)…

HARKARN DĀS KANBŌH B. MATHURĀ DĀS MULTĀNI, the first Hindu author of a Persian work, namely Eršād al-ṭālebin, more commonly…

FATḤ-ALLĀH ŠĪRĀZĪ, SAYYED MĪR, a famous Sufi, an official in Mughal India, and one of the most learned men of…

FANĪ, pen name of Shaikh MOḤAMMAD-MOḤSEN b. Ḥasan KAŠMĪRĪ (d. 1081/1670-71), Indo-Persian scholar and poet, to whom the Dabestān-e-maḏāheb (q.v.)…

FAḴRĪ HERAVĪ, SOLṬĀN-MOḤAMMAD b. Moḥammad Amīr Khan (or Solṭān) Amīrī Heravī (b. Herat, ca. 903/1497, d. probably in Agra, after…

FAḴR-al-DĪNZARRĀDĪ, MAWLĀNĀ, an 8th/14th century spiritual leader of the Češtī Sufi order in India. He hailed from Sāmāna (Ḥamīd, p….

ČERĀḠ-E DEHLĪ (b. at Avadh, ca. 675/1276-77; d. at Delhi, 18 Ramażān 757/14 September 1356), the title of Shaikh Naṣīr-al-Dīn…

ČANDŪ LAʿL (Lāl) ŠĀDĀN, Maharaja, states­man and poet in Persian and Urdu (b. 1175/1761-62, d. 7 Rabīʿ II 1261/15 April…

ČANDRA BHĀN (or Čandarbhān) BARAHMAN, Indian poet and writer in Persian (b. Lahore, date unknown, d. Lahore 1073/1662-63; Fārūqī, 1967a,…

ČAHĀR ONṢOR (Four elements), an autobiographical work in prose by the poet and Sufi Abu’l-Maʿānī Mīrzā ʿAbd-al-Qāder Bīdel (1054-1138/1644-1720), who…