AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan Āḏarī (Ar. al-āḏarīya) was the Iranian language of Azerbaijan before the spread of…

BĀDRŪDI, one of the local dialects of the Kāšān region, spoken in Bādrūd, a dehestān (rural district) of Naṭanz. Locally…

ĀŠTĪĀNI, the dialect of Āštīān, belongs to the group of “Central” dialects spoken in Kashan and Isfahan provinces and some…

ALVĪRĪ, a dialect spoken in the village of Alvīr and belonging to the Central group of Iranian dialects. Alvīr is…

AFRĀSĪĀB (Av. Fraŋrasyan; Mid. Pers. Frāsiyāv, Frāsiyāk, Frangrāsyāk, etc.; Ṭabarī: Farāsīāt; Dīnawarī, Masʿūdī, Bīrūnī: Farāsīāb; Ṯaʿālebī, Ferdowsī: Afrāsīāb; Pazand: Frāsyāvak,…

ABYĀNAʾĪ, the dialect spoken in the village of Abyāna, one of a number of closely similar dialects spoken in the…

ABYĀNA, a remarkable village in the Barz-rūd subdistrict (dehestān) in Naṭanz šahrestān, 38 km northeast of Naṭanz (Razmārā, Farhang III,…

ABŪZAYDĀBĀDĪ (Būzābādī for short), a variety of the local dialects of Kāšān province, spoken in the village of Abūzaydābād and its…

ABŪZAYDĀBĀD, an oasis village of the province of Kāšān, called Būzābād for short and Bīzeva in the local dialect. It…

ABARSĀM (APURSĀM in Middle Persian), a dignitary and high-ranking officeholder of the court of the Sasanian king Ardašīr I (A.D….

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES THAT OCCUR IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE Abaev, Vasiliĭ Ivanovich 2001 Abaqa, the Ilkhan 1265 ʿAbbās I…

1974 The Encyclopaedia Iranica is founded by Eḥsan Yāršāṭer; the first volume is published in 1982. 1974 Ḵosrow Golsorḵi (b. 1941), poet, art critic,…

1933 Threatened by the British, Reżā Shah, who had stood firm in demanding the abolishment of the D’Arcy oil concession, suddenly…

1834 Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah dies and is succeeded by Moḥammad Shah, son of ʿAbbās Mirzā. 1835 Murder of Abu’l-Qāsem Qāʾemmaqām by order of…

B.C.E. 100,000Cave deposits in the Zagros mountains of western Iran show evidence of human habitation dated to the Middle Paleolithic…

This chronological table of events records major happenings of Iranian pre-history and history from the most ancient times to 2005….

ESFANDĪĀR, one of the seven great clans of Parthian and Sasanian times. Ṭabarī attributed the establishment of these clans to…

ESFANDĪĀR, son of Goštāsp (Av. Vīštāspa-, Mid. Pers. Wištāsp; see GOŠTĀSP), Kayanian prince of Iranian legendary history and hero of…

DĀNESF(AH)ĀN, locally Donesbon, a village located at 49°45′ E, 35°47′ N in the southern part of the Rāmand district of…

DĀNEŠ-NĀMA-YE ĪRĀN WA ESLĀM (Encyclopedia of Iran and Islam). In 1348 Š./1969 Bongāh-­e tarjoma wa našr-e ketāb (q.v.; Institute for…

ČARZA, village in the mountainous area of the Upper Ṭārom district (baḵš) in the šahrestān of Zanjān, at 49°1′ E,…

ČĀL (Šāl), a village in the Qazvīn province, where the Čāli subdialect of Southern Tati is spoken.   1. The…

BĪDGOL and BĪDGOLI dialect. 1. The localities. Bīdgol and Ārān, two practically contiguous townships in the province of Kāšān, are…

JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES OF IRAN x. Judeo-Persian Jargon (Loterāʾi) Loterāʾi is the secret jargon used by the Jewish communities of Iran…

IRAN: A Chronological Table of Events This chronological table of events records major happenings of Iranian pre-history and history from…

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES THAT OCCUR IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE Abaev, Vasiliĭ Ivanovich 2001 Abaqa, the Ilkhan 1265 ʿAbbās I…

IRAN iii. THE TRADITIONAL HISTORY OF PERSIA The history of the Iranian lands, as known today and insofar as pre-Islamic…

IRAN ii(2), continued THE SAFAVIDS (1501-1722) The advent of the Safavids constitutes one of the major turning points in Persian…

IRAN ii(2), continued THE QAJAR DYNASTY (1779-1924) The Qajar were a Turkmen tribe who first settled during the Mongol period…

IRAN ii(2), concluded MOḤAMMAD REZA SHAH (1941-79) Iran and World War II. The long history of Russian and British interventions…

IRAN ii(2). Iran in the Islamic Period (651-1980s) This section of Persian history begins with the conquest by Muslim Arabs…

IRAN ii(2), continued FORMATION OF LOCAL DYNASTIES The Taherids (821-73). The first of these dynasties came into being when Ṭāher…

IRAN ii(2), continued THE SALJUQIDS (1040-1194) The plains of Central Asia, northwestern China, and western Siberia were breeding grounds for…

IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY: AN OVERVIEW This section provides a concise introduction to the history of Iran from its beginnings…

HAFEZ i. AN OVERVIEW   Hafez is the most popular of Persian poets. If a book of poetry is to…

ḠAZAL ii. CHARACTERISTICS AND CONVENTIONS The origins of the Persian ḡazal (ghazal, غزل), its development in the course of time…